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this has been brought up before. there is a difference between cost and effect. jepthah is a cost. i believe the alternate option on sinning hand is an effect. if so, then the opponent can discard his hand of 0 cards to satisfy the ability.
Gabe is incorrect and here's why - This goes way back to two years ago when I made the 'One turn Wonder' using Primary Objective and Long day. It was ruled at the time that 'Hand' is a location and regardless of how many cards are in your hand, you can discard it, If you have 0 cards in your 'Hand' you can still discard your 'Hand' - I hated the ruling at the time, and I still hate it now, as it seems to defy all logic.
I hate it, too. There is no logical reasoning behind being able to discard a "hand" of 0 cards. I still think discarding your hand is a cost and as such you have to actually discard something more than nothing otherwise you're not paying anything for the cost. As the card and its reference say, if your Hand is Sinning you need to cut it off, and cutting off nothing doesn't solve anything.
I remember the ruling. It's completely inconsistent with the Jephthah ruling. If I can discard a hand of 0 to satisfy Sinning Hand's cost then I can also discard from a deck of 0 to satisfy Jephthah. That just doesn't make any sense, regardless of how it was ruled in the past.
(To run with your example, having a hand of 0 cards would be equivalent to already having your hand cut off. If you've already cut off your hand, you've already taken care of the Sinning hand problem, you can't have a sinning hand if you don't have a hand.)
Playing sinning hand on a player with a hand of 1 card or less would be futile because they would simply choose to d/c 0 cards to fulfill the SA of Sinning hand.
Jephthah says to discard one card. It specifies a number: no math. If you don't have that number left to target, you can't complete the ability. Sinning Hand involves math: you must divide the number of cards in your hand by half. If that number is 0, 0/2=0, so you may discard 0 cards to complete the ability. That's my logic.
Jepthah says to discard from your deck, which requires a deck in order to target. Sinning Hand says to discard from your hand, which requires a hand in order to target. My logic still stands.
A cost is by very nature costly. 0 is nothing. Nothing cannot satisfy a cost because costs require something (even if it's half of something) and half of nothing is still nothing.